A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature EssayVoltaires work, Candide, uses powerful satirical narrative to exhibit striverholding in the eighteenth century, the supposed Age of Reason, and Candides epiphany, represent throughout the course of the extract. The passage follows the travels of Candide and his fellows to Buenos-Aires, in search of his beloved Cungonde. After five days of travelling, he arrives, with Cacambo, outside the town of Surinam, where they encounter a mutilated slave.The theme of sla actually is represented most effectively through the descriptions given by the characters, rather than the animal(prenominal) description of the scene provided by the narrator. A slave or ngre is found on the ground. His physical position, tendu par terre, reflects his social class and the degradation of slaves. The slaves garment, un caleon de toile bleue, is hardly weather-proof or durable, highlighting the poverty endured by slaves and the ruthless attitude of their masters. Voltaire withholds the name of the slave, emphasising the disregard for human life implied within society. Ngre is used to represent the entire slave population. This pejorative term further highlights societys attitude. However, it is important to note that Candide first calls him mon ami, indicating his open nature, perhaps a reflection of Voltaires opinion of slavery.Whilst the masters of slaves ar very disrespectful of their slaves, the ngre calls his keeper matre, showing a profound respect. To add to masters grandeur, the slave recalls his position in society, qualifying it with the adjectival fameux. In this paragraph, the depiction of slavery is brutal, with the tragedies of the workplace and punishment discussed with a banal acceptance. The language used when the slave describes how la meule mentality attrape le doigt, on nous coupe la main quand nous voulons nous enfuir, on nous coupe la jambe gives a feeling of breathlessness and the futility of his attempt to escape. This description of suffering draws accurately on legislation concerning delinquent slaves set out in in the 1685 Code Noir2.The description also draws a parallel between the relationship between the slave and his master. Voltaires use of restrictive adverbials,3such as neque demonstrate the physical effects of cruelty on the slave. The language used by the slave is resigned, with a repetitive use of passive structures such as on nous. The slave then coldly states, cest ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe. This simple statement highlights the corruption, not totally in slavery, but in all levels of society.Leibnizs philosophy of Optimism is evident in the representation of slavery. The slaves resigned account shows an acceptance of life shared with those who follow the belief of Optimism. Leibniz claimed that twain human and moral evils were part of a greater good4.This is further emphasised by the qualification of slavery by the mother of the slave as u n honneur. The slave adds an optimistic cependant this sudden element of bathos reinforces Pangloss meilleur des mondes outlook on life. This optimistic view, personified through Pangloss, contrasts greatly with Candides opinions after witnessing the situation. The absurdity of Optimism, with reference to the slave-trade, is shown when Cacambo asks, Quest-ce que quoptimisme? Cacambo has not used an article before optimism, emphasising how little he cares for it. With reference to the novel as a whole, Optimism is only mentioned directly within this passage. As soon as it is mentioned, it is denounced. Further to the slaves account, he compares his situation with that of des chiens, des singes et des perroquets. The animals might possibly represent the different social classes within society.The passage emphasises how slavery was represented in monetary terms the slave was sold by his mother for ten cus patagons, the currency of Spain at the time. Moreover, throughout the slaves acco unt of how he came to be in this position, it appears that slavery was represented differently in the West from the homelands of the slaves. The ngre recalls how his mother told him ils te feront vivre heureux, describing it as an honour to work for nos seigneurs, les blancs. It is interesting that the masters are classed as les Blancs. Voltaire divides society not only by social class, but also by race. It is clear that the people of Guine were disillusioned by the notion of slavery.The cloudiness is further emphasised by the religious theme central to the passage. The lexical field of religion emphasises the religious beliefs of the slaves, a central theme in their African culture. Evidently, the slave is religious, as he attends church tous les dimanches. However, Voltaire highlights, yet again, the corruption within society by making it clear to the reader that the slave had been converted. The Pasteur claims that they are tous enfants dAdam, blancs et noirs. This contradicts h is prior statement of the masters being les blancs. Like his clothes and culture, his religious identity has been stripped from him. present, Voltaire is criticising the social system of the period. It is clear that the slaves are taught what they know not to be true, yet they accept it as it is the way of the world in which they live. disdain Voltaires thought-provoking depiction of slavery in the passage, it is interesting to look critically at Candides attitude to the situation. When he first encounters the slave on the road, he addresses him in a friendly manner, symbolising his naivety and lack of understanding. Voltaires portrayal of Candides naivety is referenced even in his name. Candide is taken from Latin and connotes whiteness, openness, naivety, innocence and, more negatively, inexperience and credulity.5The passive language of the slave throughout his description of his horrific ordeal is a direct juxtaposition with the raw emotion portrayed through Candides reaction .The flaws in Panglosss optimism are clearly highlighted, especially during Candides discourse. W.H Barber suggest that the characters help Voltaire in his place of parodying the episodic adventure novel making it possible for the reader to view characters and narrative as it were externally, and consequently critically to become aware of the caricature and exaggeration, the deliberate implausibilities, the bathetic contrasts6. Despite Candides denouncing of belief, he does little else to react to the situation. Candide merely begins to cry, leaving the slave where he found him. The reader criticises Candide for not helping to free the slave from his bind in society. Voltaire is provoking this response in the reader to make clear the effects of passivity. He also seems to regard the problem as so large and terrible that one can only weep and go on ones way, or presumably, continue to eat sugar with a guilty conscience.7Throughout this passage, irony plays very little part. Howeve r, other narrative techniques are employed. Personal deixis is used when Candide is talking to the slave. He asks, que fais-tu l, mon ami, dans ltat horrible o je te vois?Here it is impossible for the reader to understand the situation and the horrible state that the slave is in without reading into the context of the question.The theme of culture can be well examined in this passage. Talking en hollandais, Candide emphasises his European background compared with the African culture of the slave. Division within society is clearly illustrated when the slave tells Candide that his mutilation is the price that he has remunerative to eat sugar en Europe. Voltaire demonstrates that the world is divided. Interestingly, the slave understands Candides Dutch, highlighting their cultural awareness, the importance of communication and the enforcement of other cultures upon slaves. The cultural toleration of the slaves is juxtaposed with the attitude of westward civilisation. African cultur e appears to be more family-oriented when compared with Candides upbringing. The slave refers to his mother, ma mere, showing his respect for the advice given to him by his family.Throughout this passage of Voltaires Candide, slavery is represented in a number of ways, most notably by the description provided by the slave himself. In addition, Candides attitude highlights the philosophy of Optimism that Voltaire aims to discuss throughout the entire book. It is give tongue to that the narrative of Candide is .. a vehicle carefully designed to convey a philosophical discussion of topical concern both to the author and reader8. In conclusion, Voltaire has employed a palette of narrative techniques to enrich this passage of the book.Word Count= 1,490Bibliography MHRA formatBarber, W.H., Studies in French Literature 5, Voltaire Candide (London W.H. Barber, 1960)Cronk ,Professor Nicholas, Voltaire and the Voices of Enlightenment, read by Simon Russell Beale, (BBC Radio 3, 2010)Mason,Hay dn, European Masters Voltaire (London Hutchinson, 1975)Williams,David, VoltaireCandide (London Grant and Cutler Ltd, 1997)Voltaire, Candide, Presentation by Jean Goldzink, (Paris, Editions Flammarion, 2007)