Salt Paper Essay Example for Free

Salt Paper EssayIn its mineral form sodium chloride, NaCl is known as common salt. It is important be commence it is necessity to the health of human beings and of animals. For domestic use it is fined down to what is known as table-salt and small quantities of other chemicals are added to it to keep it free-flowing when in contact with the atmosphere.Salt and thousand are combined to produce iodized salt, used when iodine is lacking in diet. It s absence causes goiter, the s riseing of the thyroid gland. Livestock as well as humans need salt, and this provided in the form of solid blocks, known as salt-licks.Salt is besides crucial to the food industry. It is used in m have packing sausage-making and fish-curing both for seasoning and as a preservative. It is also used in the curing and preserving of hides and in the form of brine of brine for refrigeration purposes.Salt is extensively used in the chemical industry in the manufacture of baking soda, sodium bicarbonate of cau stic soda, sodium hydroxide of hydrochloric acid, of chlorine etc. It is also used in soap-making, and in the manufacture of glaze and porcelain enamel. It also enters metallurgic processes as flux, a compound used to assist the fusing of metals.Salt lowers the melting acid of water, so in combination with grit, it is used for clearing roads of snow and ice. It is also used for water-softening by means of removing calcium and atomic number 12 compounds from tap water. Children who eat a lot of spicy food also tend to down more than(prenominal) sugary drinks which, in turn, might be related to their risk of obesity, a new study paint a pictures.The findings raise the possibility that curbing kids salt wasting disease could end up benefiting their waistlines, researchers report in the Dec. 10 online and January print issue of pediatrics.The study, of intimately 4,300 Australian children and teens, found that the more salt kids ate each day, the more fluids they drank. The same w as true when the researchers zeroed in on the nearly two-thirds of kids who drank sugary beverages For every 390 milligrams (mg) of sodium they got each day, they averaged an extra 0.6 ounces of sugar-sweetened soda, juice or other drinks. Kids who had more than one sugary drink in a day were 26 percent more in all probability to be overweight or obese than their peers who avoided sweetened drinks. That connection, however, weakened once the researchers factored in proceeding habits.Its not exactly surprising that kids with a degustation for salty foods would also be fans of soda or other sugary drinks, according to Lana Shandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the University Of Texas Southwestern medical exam Center at Dallas.But its not clear that extra sodium actually made kids drink more sweetened beverages, she pointed out.These data dont tell us anything about cause and effect, Shandon said. We dont know that if we got kids to lower their sodium intake, the yd drink fewer sugar-sweetened beverages.Overall, 62 percent had had at least one sugar-sweetened drink. Those kids averaged over 2,500 mg of sodium a day, and just over 5 percent were obese of their peers who steered clear of sugary drinks, just over 3 percent were obese, and the average sodium intake was a little less than 2,300 mg.When the researchers looked at obesity risk, they found that kids who had at least one sugar-sweetened drink per day were 26 percent more likely to be overweight or obese. That was with factors like family income and overall calorie intake taken into account.But then the researchers looked at a subgroup of kids whod reported on their exercise habits. And once exercise was factored in, the obesity/sugary drink link was no longer statistically significant which means it could have been a chance finding.Still, the researchers noted, the findings suggest that keeping kids sodium intake down could end up having some impact on their weight.Shandon was skepti cal. Its a bit of stretch to say that, she said. Kids who like their salty snacks may be reaching for those sweet drinks because they like the taste of sweet drinks, Shandon explained and not because the sodium is making them do it. News article from http//health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2012/12/10/could-kids-salt-intake-affect-their-weight .Most people are only too aware of the price and corrosive effects of salt on automobiles. On heavily travelled highways from 40 to 80 tons of salt per lane mile per year may be applied. Landowners along these roads also are aware of the damage to implants that such salt can cause. Deicing salt is usually refined rock salt consisting of about 98.5 percent sodium chloride, 1.2 percent calcium sulfate, 0.1 percent magnesium chloride, and 0.2 percent rock. Calcium chloride is reported to be less toxic to plants but is seldom used because it is much more expensive than rock salt and more difficult to handle. When sprayed onto plants fr om passing cars and plows, salt may enter plant cells or the spaces between the cells directly. One result of this salt application is that buds and small twigs of some plant species lose cold hardiness and are more likely to be killed by freezing. Salt accumulation in the mark also may cause plant injury.This frequently occurs when salt-laden snow is plowed off streets and sidewalks onto adjacent lawns. Anyone who has tried to get table salt out of a wet shaker knows how right away salt absorbs water. Rock salt exhibits the same property in the soil and absorbs much of the water that would normally be available to roots. Thus, even though soil moisture is plentiful, high amounts of salt can result in a drought-like environment for plants. When salt dissolves in water, sodium and chloride ions separate and may then prostitute the plants. Chloride ions are readily absorbed by the roots, transported to the leaves, and accumulate there to toxic levels. It is these toxic levels that cause the characteristic marginal leaf scorch. Measures to prevent or lessen injury from salt include using calcium chloride, where feasible, or using sand or cinders. Late season applications (after March 1) are most prejudicial and should be avoided if possible since this is the time plants are coming out of dormancy and are most susceptible to injury. http//www.uvm.edu/pss/ppp/articles/salt1.htm

College football vs Nfl Essay Example for Free

College football game vs Nfl EssayM all compargon the National Football compact (NFL) with college football but the two be not extremely similar and should neer be comp ared. Yes, besides a few minor rule changes the NFL and college football are the same game but on that point is much more than to football then the rules. College football is better than the NFL for a wide variety of closes. First, there exists more passion in college football all around the sport. Passion derrierenot be measured in anyway but can be sight and understood by the fans, coaches, and sports community. Players care more about the game and less about money, while the fans have great passion for the university they attend or attended. The insufficiency of an influence money has on the game is admirable. Also, custom is so vast in college football a game day experience cannot be compared with those of the NFL. The finical rivalry games and in stadium levelts makes college football great. Rival ries, passion, make uping rules, and timing are few of the reasons why college football is better than the NFL.Along with great activities like tailgating, the tremendous scheduling, the entertainment, and the comeback friendly rules college football has the best case for why it is levels above the NFL. Passion is sought after in all sports, and is the most apparent in college athletics. Money determines everything in master football and the large impact it has is just too obvious. The same cannot be said for college football. The great passion and emotion seen in players and coaches, and their loyalty to their team helps make college football a lovable game.The football team at a university represents the town, the state, and what the community stands for. College football players are said to be passionate, play hard, hard workers, and fearless. NFL players are most known for complaining and not wanting to be hit hard. There is passion in every play and intensity like no other i n college football. It is just a drag watching the NFL because most of the time there is no passion, its just guys compete for that next paycheck (Fisher). The fact that the student athletes play for opportunity and the love of the game is invigorating to all sport fans.College football has been said to be more pure of a game. This means they play for the venture to make the league, and are about the game. Another reason passion is more reflected in college football is the neglect of salary related hold outs. This refers to the many major star athletes who have large contract dis positiones and skip on camp and all team activities until they are paid more money. Players risk team success for selfish in the flesh(predicate) reasons. Prime examples of a player negatively affecting a team with a hold out are Albert Haynesworth, Terrell Owens, Michael Crabtree, Maurice Jones-Drew, Chris Johnson, and many more.These players put personal motives over team goals it is inferred that the star athletes prefer money over team success. There has never been one single hold out in college football. Historically players in contract years have shown just a little more elbow grease to ensure they make a few tautological dollars when their pay days come around (Eliesen). Stats go up and so does the amount of work put in. This shows that players indue more effort when money is on the line. The impact money has on the NFL makes college football that much better.Another issue with the money influence of the NFL is players allow for switch teams for more money, wins, or a bigger market. Not just some players, all players. In college you can transfer for academic or personal reasons but there are consequences. In 2010-11, 6. 4 percent of Division I student-athletes transferred from one four-year school to another four-year school. Included in that figure are 969 football student-athletes. All of those student-athletes were required to sit out a year of competition (NCAA).In the NFL it is expected that a player would turn their back on their team and city for more money or a better personal opportunity. In college it is discouraged, frowned upon, and penalized against. The players passion for the game, loyalty to their teams, and absents of holdouts and other money related issues are the start of a long list of reasons why college football is better than the NFL. The passion shows the college players are about the game, not the money. The tradition of college football is unlike that of any sport. The significance of it is immeasurable.To start college football has outstanding rivalry games. They are better than the NFL rivalry games simply because they have existed longer, are closer games, in a larger variety, and the fans and schools hate each other more. Classic examples include Army versus Navy, the iron bowl, Ohio State versus Michigan, USC versus Notre Dame, Miami versus FSU, The red river rivalry, the civil war, the dual in the dessert, the worl ds largest cocktail party, LSU versus Alabama, and several(prenominal) others. Compare that with Dallas against Washington the best rivalry in the NFL.Not a comparison. Every team in college football has a rival. Iowa State has Kansas State. Indiana has Illinois. Baylor has Texas Tech. Cincinnati has Louisville. Its not what you think of when you think Auburn/Alabama, Ohio State/Michigan and Texas/Oklahoma, but even the lesser-known powers have rivals that riles up the fan bases. The NFL? I challenge you to name the Carolina Panthers cover charge rival (Wilson). The atmosphere surrounding the towns and the great rivalry games out perform the NFLs weak rivalry match ups. Next, fans have more to route for in college.The fact that the students and alumni get to support the place they graduated from cannot be matched. For NFL fans most of them root for the citys team you were born in. For college football fans the team you cheer for could be crossways the nation because you had a fami ly member go there or your family has always cheered for them. For college football fans it doesnt matter what city you receive in (Fisher). Good examples of great tradition are Oregons uniforms, dotting the I in Ohio, Chief Osceola, war eagle, Howards rock, the dog UGA, and the play like a champion today sign in South Bend.Literally, 100 more traditions could be named. Traditions such as those just dont exist in the NFL. There isnt the same level of tradition in the pro game (Killoren). Stadiums, fight songs, bands, and the college campus on game day, pep rallies, are all things that are just not seen in professional football. The tradition in college football is evident and changes the game completely. Most importantly the strong and vast group of rivalry games in college makes the NFL division games appear as friendly competition.A main reason why college football is better than the NFL is because in college the timing in all around better. By the timing, I mean the rules that influence the time and the scheduling. College football starts a week earlier which means over 120 division one college games have been played before the NFL starts. College football has more games in ecumenical and starts off football flavor right. Next, is Saturdays are better for watching and playing football than Sundays. Nobody wants to go to work the day after a underdone game. People need Sunday to tease after a crazy tailgating and game experience.To me, theres nothing better than going to bed on Friday night keen that you have nothing to do on Saturday except watch college football. Even if you find a few mos to watch your favorite NFL team, you still have it dangling over your head that its back to work in the morning. That feeling always tends to take the wind out of my sails (FanNation). Who wants to be out late on a Sunday night at a prime time game? How about Saturday? There is a big difference between the two. During bowl season we get to see 35 prestigious mat ch ups of team with winning records in solid football games over a 23 day period. remunerate over the holidays when everyone has school and work off there is football on every day. This is set up nicely for viewers. Seniors get a last chance to represent themselves and their school in the bowl game that they have worked so hard to earn. Lastly, college has comeback friendly rules that the NFL do not have. Stopping of the clock on a first down, one foot in bounds for a catch, chains must be set before clock starts, and clock filet all game when you get out of bounds keep college games entertaining and help you see more action.According to a Wall Street ledger study of four games from week 16, the average NFL game features just 10 minutes 43 seconds of action (Chase). The comebacks that have determined champions and the outcome of high write games are because of the comeback friendly rule book of college football. College football is more entertaining than the NFL for many reasons but bowl season, the comeback friendly rules, Saturdays over Sundays, and the extra week of football are just some vital examples.The pregame activities, tailgating, the more logical football rules such as overtime standards, and ESPNs outstanding coverage give college an extra edge on professional football. College game day travels to the biggest game of the week and perform a 3 hour special on campus live in front of an audience with different guest stars, storylines, and gimmicks each week. Hands down NFL Countdown cant compete with College Gameday (Fisher). Also, college goal line which updates all the score nationwide is very popular around the country.In college football the sport is played the right way. If a player hits the ground he is down, in the NFL he can get back up and run if not touched. This leads to many missed calls and slows down play. The overtime rules are better in college because you cant tie. Yes, in the NFL there is the terrible possibility of a tie. Also, each time gets a chance and the better team is awarded the victory. In the NFL its more about the fall upon flip than the play. Parties on campus, pep rallies, and fun halftime events like the famous Dr. Pepper challenge are great add ons to college football.The college life sparks parties and pep rallies. Some schools even cancel classes the day before a big game. Students camp out to get tickets and great scenes like that are noticed all around the country. The weekend gives students a break. What more would students want to do than party and route on their schools football team. Lastly, tailgating is bigger in college football. Fans have all of the next day to relax so they enjoy their tailgating. Only 30 percent of the tailgaters actually make it inside the stadium. People do not tailgate a week before for an NFL game.College students start tailgating that Sunday or Monday after that last game they just went too (Fisher). College fans take tailgating very serious and make a 3 hour game into a week event in which they can relax, watch football, eat good food, and reunite with friends and family. The activities around college football separate it from the old thudding games on Sunday. College football has passion, traditions, entertainment, and an incredible environment that the NFL lacks. These reasons were choose from a list of 200 reasons college football is better.Upsets, unpredictability, cheer leaders, the Heisman, coaching dynasties, the spread offense, uniforms, new programs, and other reason were not even discussed because college football has such a huge variety of great attributes. This makes college football more appealing to the fans and viewers. Understand that all these reasons build on the case of why college football beats the NFL. Yes, the players are less talented when they are younger. It should have been made clear that the game is about more than this though. The college players do not only care about money.Love of the game, the trad ition, the entertainment, and the rules are a few of the prominent reasons college football is better. However, Most of these reasons cannot be based of scientific facts or stats. The reasons listed are based on what is the best game to watch and support. A personal opinion and judgment is what makes this argument worth demonstrating. It cannot be proven through and through facts and data but there are numerous reasons that help show the point that is trying to be made. All the evidence is there and all that is go away to do is choose what reasons makes college football better than the NFL. There are many to choose from.

The Reward-Award System and the Suffocating Aspect of Expectations Essay Example for Free

The Reward-Award System and the Suffocating Aspect of Expectations EssayEducation is considered as a very important aspect of our lives. It is through education that a soul is able to learn various things which are needed later on in his or her life. While some may argue that that on that point are some things that education does not need to teach like Chemistry or Physics when a person wants to be a source or fashion designer in the future(a), no one can argue that it is the discipline which those subjects or the whole aspect of the academic itself which is proven to be very useful later on. No one can deny the fact that the knowledge accumulated within the four walls of classroom is imperative, just as the experience of the whole thing within the years of being educated is important. The relationships that lead be formed within the walls of the school can sometimes even up surpass the connection that fami impositions have within their homes. In fact, sometimes, the people within the school are those who are considered as the very family of a person.However, what is really nearly focused on while in school is the aspect of academics, and while academics are really important, a person can believe that the stifling obligations and duties that screw with it can be very difficult, most especially if a family or a community strongly believes that a person is worthy or should succeed. The expectations which rise with the whole thing can be horrifying and appalling. In many countries, there are news reports of very young people committing suicide or killing each former(a) because of the burden which is brought by these expectations.Why is it that many adults are pushing their children to the ruff schools, to have the best grades, to be the best in everything? Perhaps, a person should look into the basis of what is exactly the concept of being the best. The best is known as the number one a person who receives the awards and medals and becomes noted fo r either being beautiful or being smart. Any person in between can be considered as an average person. Thus, this opus will point out the belief that the award-reward system is actually not a good thing and it should be improved or changed.Many companies in the future always ask or want a sense of accomplishment and an achievement. Going through school without getting into trouble and finishing it is a heavy(p) accomplishment in itself, and yet people still yearn for more. People yearn for a physical evidence of an accomplishment and an achievement. In a family, when a member comes home with a medal or an award, the whole family celebrates and applauds for that person. That is after all, a sense of achievement an evidence of hard work.However, in the corner or in the room upstairs, the sibling is hiding and feels so worthless since he or she cannot give his or her parents that same sense of satisfaction. So where does the problem lie exactly? Are parents too demanding and pushy t hat children are left to be so burdened with books and bring throughing the dreams of their parents? That is indeed sometimes the case, is it not the children are left to fulfill a dream of a parent who is unable to fulfill his or her own dream? Who is at fault though? Who are the ones who are to excite for this pattern of rewarding system?This system believes that the only means of achieving success and satisfaction is by means of an award. Genuine compliments and words of praises are and so considered as inferior when compared to those awards. The awards system can be even traced back into far as the ancient Greece and ancient Egypt. Those who are concluded as the best and strongest during battles or matches are rewarded with medals, shields, or the head of the leader of their enemy. It is not surprising then why this kind of thinking is still present today.What is it about this kind of system that still make academic and non-academic institutions follow it? It important to l ook at the pros and cons and determine once and for all, why the reward system is more than discourage it is outright a mistake to even exist in the first place. The Advantageous Aspect of the Award System It is through the awards and such things that a person wants to work hard and strive to be the best. Because of this particular system, people are being non-mediocre and making efforts to put their best foot forward.It is a matter of having a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction. The shining moment when a person goes up the stage or when everyone starts to acknowledge the person and the efforts which he or she has done is beyond exhilarating it is a moment of pure bliss which will be imprinted in his or her memory for years. The Suffocating Aspect of Expectations As what the numerous paragraphs of this paper suggest, there are so many things which the award-reward system is telling society. One is that parents push their children to such great extent that it is sometimes suffo cating.The burden of having to prove oneself to other people by means of an award is far ridiculous it is beyond discouraging. Conclusion In conclusion, the reward-award system which has been the practice for many years should be changed for some other system that exercises fairness and considers all the implications that the system is bringing. After all, the proof of a job well done does not rely merely on medals and on awards hard work and determination is also a proof, and medals and awards would not be able to mirror or reflect those.

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature EssayVoltaires work, Candide, uses powerful satirical narrative to exhibit striverholding in the eighteenth century, the supposed Age of Reason, and Candides epiphany, represent throughout the course of the extract. The passage follows the travels of Candide and his fellows to Buenos-Aires, in search of his beloved Cungonde. After five days of travelling, he arrives, with Cacambo, outside the town of Surinam, where they encounter a mutilated slave.The theme of sla actually is represented most effectively through the descriptions given by the characters, rather than the animal(prenominal) description of the scene provided by the narrator. A slave or ngre is found on the ground. His physical position, tendu par terre, reflects his social class and the degradation of slaves. The slaves garment, un caleon de toile bleue, is hardly weather-proof or durable, highlighting the poverty endured by slaves and the ruthless attitude of their masters. Voltaire withholds the name of the slave, emphasising the disregard for human life implied within society. Ngre is used to represent the entire slave population. This pejorative term further highlights societys attitude. However, it is important to note that Candide first calls him mon ami, indicating his open nature, perhaps a reflection of Voltaires opinion of slavery.Whilst the masters of slaves ar very disrespectful of their slaves, the ngre calls his keeper matre, showing a profound respect. To add to masters grandeur, the slave recalls his position in society, qualifying it with the adjectival fameux. In this paragraph, the depiction of slavery is brutal, with the tragedies of the workplace and punishment discussed with a banal acceptance. The language used when the slave describes how la meule mentality attrape le doigt, on nous coupe la main quand nous voulons nous enfuir, on nous coupe la jambe gives a feeling of breathlessness and the futility of his attempt to escape. This description of suffering draws accurately on legislation concerning delinquent slaves set out in in the 1685 Code Noir2.The description also draws a parallel between the relationship between the slave and his master. Voltaires use of restrictive adverbials,3such as neque demonstrate the physical effects of cruelty on the slave. The language used by the slave is resigned, with a repetitive use of passive structures such as on nous. The slave then coldly states, cest ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe. This simple statement highlights the corruption, not totally in slavery, but in all levels of society.Leibnizs philosophy of Optimism is evident in the representation of slavery. The slaves resigned account shows an acceptance of life shared with those who follow the belief of Optimism. Leibniz claimed that twain human and moral evils were part of a greater good4.This is further emphasised by the qualification of slavery by the mother of the slave as u n honneur. The slave adds an optimistic cependant this sudden element of bathos reinforces Pangloss meilleur des mondes outlook on life. This optimistic view, personified through Pangloss, contrasts greatly with Candides opinions after witnessing the situation. The absurdity of Optimism, with reference to the slave-trade, is shown when Cacambo asks, Quest-ce que quoptimisme? Cacambo has not used an article before optimism, emphasising how little he cares for it. With reference to the novel as a whole, Optimism is only mentioned directly within this passage. As soon as it is mentioned, it is denounced. Further to the slaves account, he compares his situation with that of des chiens, des singes et des perroquets. The animals might possibly represent the different social classes within society.The passage emphasises how slavery was represented in monetary terms the slave was sold by his mother for ten cus patagons, the currency of Spain at the time. Moreover, throughout the slaves acco unt of how he came to be in this position, it appears that slavery was represented differently in the West from the homelands of the slaves. The ngre recalls how his mother told him ils te feront vivre heureux, describing it as an honour to work for nos seigneurs, les blancs. It is interesting that the masters are classed as les Blancs. Voltaire divides society not only by social class, but also by race. It is clear that the people of Guine were disillusioned by the notion of slavery.The cloudiness is further emphasised by the religious theme central to the passage. The lexical field of religion emphasises the religious beliefs of the slaves, a central theme in their African culture. Evidently, the slave is religious, as he attends church tous les dimanches. However, Voltaire highlights, yet again, the corruption within society by making it clear to the reader that the slave had been converted. The Pasteur claims that they are tous enfants dAdam, blancs et noirs. This contradicts h is prior statement of the masters being les blancs. Like his clothes and culture, his religious identity has been stripped from him. present, Voltaire is criticising the social system of the period. It is clear that the slaves are taught what they know not to be true, yet they accept it as it is the way of the world in which they live. disdain Voltaires thought-provoking depiction of slavery in the passage, it is interesting to look critically at Candides attitude to the situation. When he first encounters the slave on the road, he addresses him in a friendly manner, symbolising his naivety and lack of understanding. Voltaires portrayal of Candides naivety is referenced even in his name. Candide is taken from Latin and connotes whiteness, openness, naivety, innocence and, more negatively, inexperience and credulity.5The passive language of the slave throughout his description of his horrific ordeal is a direct juxtaposition with the raw emotion portrayed through Candides reaction .The flaws in Panglosss optimism are clearly highlighted, especially during Candides discourse. W.H Barber suggest that the characters help Voltaire in his place of parodying the episodic adventure novel making it possible for the reader to view characters and narrative as it were externally, and consequently critically to become aware of the caricature and exaggeration, the deliberate implausibilities, the bathetic contrasts6. Despite Candides denouncing of belief, he does little else to react to the situation. Candide merely begins to cry, leaving the slave where he found him. The reader criticises Candide for not helping to free the slave from his bind in society. Voltaire is provoking this response in the reader to make clear the effects of passivity. He also seems to regard the problem as so large and terrible that one can only weep and go on ones way, or presumably, continue to eat sugar with a guilty conscience.7Throughout this passage, irony plays very little part. Howeve r, other narrative techniques are employed. Personal deixis is used when Candide is talking to the slave. He asks, que fais-tu l, mon ami, dans ltat horrible o je te vois?Here it is impossible for the reader to understand the situation and the horrible state that the slave is in without reading into the context of the question.The theme of culture can be well examined in this passage. Talking en hollandais, Candide emphasises his European background compared with the African culture of the slave. Division within society is clearly illustrated when the slave tells Candide that his mutilation is the price that he has remunerative to eat sugar en Europe. Voltaire demonstrates that the world is divided. Interestingly, the slave understands Candides Dutch, highlighting their cultural awareness, the importance of communication and the enforcement of other cultures upon slaves. The cultural toleration of the slaves is juxtaposed with the attitude of westward civilisation. African cultur e appears to be more family-oriented when compared with Candides upbringing. The slave refers to his mother, ma mere, showing his respect for the advice given to him by his family.Throughout this passage of Voltaires Candide, slavery is represented in a number of ways, most notably by the description provided by the slave himself. In addition, Candides attitude highlights the philosophy of Optimism that Voltaire aims to discuss throughout the entire book. It is give tongue to that the narrative of Candide is .. a vehicle carefully designed to convey a philosophical discussion of topical concern both to the author and reader8. In conclusion, Voltaire has employed a palette of narrative techniques to enrich this passage of the book.Word Count= 1,490Bibliography MHRA formatBarber, W.H., Studies in French Literature 5, Voltaire Candide (London W.H. Barber, 1960)Cronk ,Professor Nicholas, Voltaire and the Voices of Enlightenment, read by Simon Russell Beale, (BBC Radio 3, 2010)Mason,Hay dn, European Masters Voltaire (London Hutchinson, 1975)Williams,David, VoltaireCandide (London Grant and Cutler Ltd, 1997)Voltaire, Candide, Presentation by Jean Goldzink, (Paris, Editions Flammarion, 2007)

The Indian Healthcare Sector Erp Systems Information Technology Essay

The Indian Healthc be Sector Erp Systems Information Technology searchThe Indian Healthc be sector is rapidly expanding in terms of revenue and employment with its total value estimated close $34 billion. Some of the reasons for the same areGrowing population and economyThe biggest driver of the expansion of the healthcare sector in India is its booming population, which is currently estimated about 1.1 billion. (Appendix- enrol1)Rising middle class cod to the rise in the average income, as of now, around 50 million Indians can afford to custom advanced healthcare services and medicines.Increase in the spread of diseaseOne of the real driving factors for the harvest-home of Indias healthcare sector is the rise and spread of unhomogeneous diseases, infectious and chronic degenerative in nature.1.2 ERP need in Heath Care industryERP has got a huge scope of implementation in the healthcare pains since more and more hospitals are coming up and the customers are now looking for b etter professionalism and change and efficient healthcare services.Key healthcare organization objectivesThe specific healthcare industry objectives includeImproved productivity and efficient workflow with proper information at various care points.Integrating various systems across individual departments in a hospital and also across hospitals under the same management.Performing core hospital activities and increasing customer service to enhance Hospital Image. carrying into action of rake ERP in WockhardtAbout WockhardtWockhardt is one of the major players in the Indian sector for Healthcare services. Besides providing the healthcare services via its chain of hospitals, Wockhardt also manufactures and markets various formulations, nutrition products, biopharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and vaccines.2.2 SummaryName of the Organization Wockhardt LimitedHead Office Location Mumbai, Indiaservice HealthcareNo. of Employees 9,000Revenue of the potent Rs 26 BillionImplementation partner IBM India2.3 Pre-ERP Environment in WockhardtWockhardt had a non-integrated, non- eat IT systemThe IT hardware used were of IBM P-SeriesIBM AIX was the IT Operating System in use prior to ERP implementationOracle 10g database at WockhardtSome of the challenges faced by Wockhardt prior to ERP implementation are as followsInability to handle the line of products growth due to poor existing technologyIntegration and formal communication among the existing systems were low.High cost dependency on independent product sellers adding to forethought costs.Difficulty in managing and go forling disparate data.Dependency on multiple small packages and SMEs for day to day operations.Overall service levels and patient satisfaction levels were low.2.4 Choosing an ERP vendorSome of the issues that were considered while choosing a vendor wereData accuracy Hospitals have to supply all the essential information to the vendor at the time of make the proposals. Th is pass on help him to easily configure the required software.The mistake of not disclosing information Many hospitals do the mistake of not disclosing crucial information at this juncture. They are reluctant to disclose confidential information.Demonstrations The hospital will be able to rate the vendors suitability more so during practical demonstrations. His level of competencies and technicalities will be revealed to the company.The reason why SAP solution was chosen as the ERP vendor wasIts a robust, integrated solution with multiple customized functions and featuresIts positioned for future growth with globular credibilityIts a well defined reliable partner with assured supportIt strategically aligns itself with the Wockhardts note requirements2.5 Objectives of SAP implementationThe companys vision to integrate and regulate global processes was a major reason for introducing SAP solutions. Wockhardt was looking for an ERP solution that wouldEstablish a single, integrated ERP solution.Improve visibility and standardize the current business processes across the organization.Provide a platform for free flow of information and a central data repository.Introduce best practices of Life Science Industry for all locations.Provide a common technology platform with capabilities of analyzing business data.Meet the global business requirements, with simultaneously adhering to the country specific necessities.2.6 SAP Solutions Services used in WockhardtSAP ERPSAP line of products Information Ware houseSAP NetWeaver, SAP NetWeaver Portal,SAP Solution Manager, a tool piece in the SAP NetWeaver platform2.7 SAP Implementation HighlightsTime-frame of implementation 8 months (From May 2005)Top circumspections support with highly dedicated teamHighly undefeated implementation with a big bang approach in IndiaSubsequent rollouts to subsidiaries in Europe US by the Wockhardt In-house teamThe average 3 division cost of a SAP deployment is shown in Appendix - fig ure of speech2.The various stages for the same wereProject PlanningBusiness Process StudyInstallationTrainingBusiness Requirement mappingConfigurationModificationsData ConversionDocumentationTestingGo-LivePost production support2.8 SAP R/3 Architecture in WockhardtSAP R/3 works on Three Tier Architecture comprising of the database, application and presentation layer. (Appendix Figure3)The Database server is solely responsible for Wockhardts data storage.The use server interacts with the other two servers to manage user requests.The User terminal is responsible for data creation, modification and retrieval.2.9 Benefits of SAP to WockhardtThe benefits that Wockhardt got on implementing SAP ERP wereReal-time admission to higher quality informationMore structured data forming a basis for informed strategic and operational decisionsA consolidated, single view of the business with efficient working practices due to standardized and integrated business processesImproved stock certifica te management with better coordination of work across multiple locationsFaster decision-making and improved Planning and customer service, efficiency, enhanced Visibility2.10 Wockhardts future plans with SAPWockhardts future plans with SAP includeSAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM)SAP supplier Chain Management (SAP SCM)SAP Advanced Planning Optimization component (APO)SAP NetWeaver component for integration.With the SAP CRM module, Wockhardt canImplement one, multichannel contact center to control and coordinate the interactions between patients and Wockhardt.Link the contact center directly to the appointment system so a patient can make, change, cancel, or inquire about appointments.Improve communication with patients by using demand management software to remind patients of appointments, manage waiting lists, and fill late cancellationsThe Vendors PerspectiveAbout SAP and IBMIBM was finalized as the implementation partner for starting the SAP ERP implementation in Ma y of 2005. The implementation team took around eight months to complete the project. With vendors like SAP and implementation partners like IBM, it has definitely resulted in lowering the pressure on healthcare organizations like Wockhardt.3.1.1 SAPSAP is the market leader in ERP solutions. Since its fanny in 1972, SAP (Systems, Applications and Products in Data processing) have helped companies of all sizes and industries run better. Currently SAP departments are located in greater than 50 nations and armed service 110,000customers worldwide. SAP for Healthcare industry helps the firms like Wockhardt in integrating their healthcare processes by providing an end-to-end portfolio of solutions.IBMIBM has world class reliable, scalable and responsive business solutions and on collaboration with SAP, both will help the firms in various industries like healthcare by providing quality, simple and customised solutions with high returns.IBM and SAP are committed to delivering low-cost end -to-end solutions scaled to gratify the needs of SMBs. The combined solutions of IBM and SAP enable the organizations to speed up their business operations in order to comply with the propellant changes in the marketplace.Challenges faced by IBM, SAP for ERP implementationThe major challenges faced by SAP and IBM during Wockhardts ERP implementations are as followsTo cope up with the dynamic and changing business processes and consumer needsTo be in-line with the regulatory guidelinesTo assist the hospital service with regular up gradation .Integration with Legacy SystemsIntegration of ERP Modules of different vendors or versions and E-Business Applications like SCM, CRM, KM.4. ERP modules used at WockhardtSome of the important SAP ERP modules used by Wockhardt are mentioned downstairsMaterials Management (MM)Customer Service (CS)Quality Management (QM)Sales Distribution (SD)Human Resources (HR)Production Planning (PP)Financial Management (FM)Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) The material management module (Appendix- Figure4) comprises of the features mentioned belowStock Reconciliation- At warehouse / item(s) levelAlerts and notifications on Shelf LifeStorage Differentiations for Quarantine / Approved / Rejected items.Item tracking based on Expiry dates and Serial No. / Lot numbersBar code interface integrationPatient AdministrationThis module handles the front post, back office and nursing station of Wockhardt.Some of the modules of front office are handling the appointments, reservations, admission and discharge of patient along with the deposits, refunds of cashier department.The back office includes the maintenance, in-patient thrill and scheduling of the Wockhardts back office.Besides this, SAP ERP integrates the administrative and clinical processes of the nursing station. (Appendix Figure5)Clinical ManagementThe clinical management of the SAP package in Wockhardt includes laboratory- Lab scheduling, records, kit management, etc.Operation theat re- Theatre scheduling, maintenance, medical equipments usage, etc.Medical records Visit details of Outpatient and In-Patients, etc. cable bank Donor registration list, Blood stock, etc. (Appendix Figure6)Resource ManagementThe resource management of the Wockhardt SAP module includesPharmacy In and out-patient pharmacy, central pharmacy, etc.General stores Purchase orders, material receipts, inventory control, etc.Ambulatory Ambulance and personnel scheduling.Medical equipment management Equipment and AMC details, stock management, etc. (Appendix Figure7)Financial ManagementThe financial management module includes functionalities like maintaining theAccounts payableAccounts dueGeneral ledgerDoctors accountingPayrollCare contractsFederations grants, etc. (Appendix Figure8)5. Conclusion and FindingsThe Indian healthcare sector can be considered to be as a glass half empty or as a glass half full. This is so because, even though the healthcare sector has improved importantly over the years but still the challenges it is facing are significant. Improvisation needs to be done by developing the existing physical and IT fundament in order to provide quality healthcare services.The need of the hour is to perform core hospital activities and increase the quality of customer service by integrating its various components and avoid data redundancy.Industries look for ERP solution that can provide a common technology platform with capabilities of analyzing business data. They expect to meet the global business requirements, with simultaneously adhering to the country specific necessities.Because of the availability of a single unified platform for data sharing and standardization of the various healthcare business processes, the redundancy of data entry has minimized significantly and has resulted in saving valuable administrative time.The SAP ERP implementation has assisted the Wockhardt staff in successfully updating, recovering and managing the data in real-ti me. Also, reports can now be produced quickly, thus minimizing the logistical headaches.The most striking benefit of implementing SAP ERP in Wockhardt has been the significant visibility in its service operations which has lead to improved planning and coordination across Wockhardt.Hence sooner or later, most of the companies need to change their handed-down practices and have an advanced technology supported with state of the art IT infrastructure to support its core business activities and integrate them efficiently across the organization.AppendixFigure 1 Indian economy growth rateFigure 2 3 year cost of a SAP deploymentFigure 3Figure 4Figure 5 Patient AdministrationFigure 6 Clinical ManagementFigure 7 Resource ManagementFigure 8 Financial Management

Lev Vygotsky Theories Analysis

Lev Vygotsky Theories AnalysisLev Vygotsky was a developmental psychologist born in Russia in 1896 in Byelorussia and passed away in 1934 due to Tuberculosis. end-to-end his lifetime Vygotsky went from Medical school to law school, from law school to literature, and from literature to psychology. Although he was in the five percent of Jews allowed to attend a university he wasnt allowed to take aim to be the teacher that he desired to be. After finding an interest in psychology he began to explore child development and child psychology. He graduated from the University of Moscow with a degree in literature. According to Vygotsky the everyplaceall goal of education is to generate and lead development which is the result social training through internalization of culture and social relationships. (The Educational supposition of Lev Vygotsky an analysis)Lev Vygotsky was intrigued by the relationship between makeing and human development. In addition to his theories he wrote over a hundred books and articles that were all stored in a secret library and were not published until after his death. His two major recognized pieces are The psychology of Art and The crisis in Psychology. Two of his main concepts were inner speech and the partition of proximal development. Vygotsky believed that inner speech is what guides a childs planning and other estimate processes. He also believed that learning leads development and the immaturity of students conscious awareness and mastery of their thinking at a school age and sets the stage for his concept of the zone of proximal development (Education Encyclopedia Lev Vygotsky). Vygotskys theory is called socio heathenish because it focuses on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation. He considered the child as a whole, and believed in a connection between culture and development. He believed that childrens skills and interactions varied by culture and that a child learns through family not through stages. Vygotsky thought that a big(a) amount of learning was through play because language and development are built upon each other. When a mentor thinks that a student is ready for a new challenge and can conquer the challenge almost independently, a zone of proximal development is drawn. It is a range of learning that would be what a child can learn on its own but better with the help of someone else. Scaffolding involves encouragement and assistance in the form of advice and suggestions to care a child in mastering a new concept (Davison). Through what Vygotsky called dialogues, we socially interact and communicate with others to learn the cultural values of our society. The sociocultural theory suggests that learning is active and constructive. Vygotsky claimed that interaction and direct teaching were critical aspects of a childs cognitive development and that a childs level of thinking could be ripe(p) by such interaction. Language is socially based and childrens speech during age three to seven is tied to what children think. The development of language is considered to be a major principle of Vygotskys sociocultural theory. The language of a certain group of people indicates their cultural beliefs and value system. He thinks that children gradually grow intellectually and begin to berth on their own because of assistance. He also says that a childs cognitive abilities increase through exposure to information that is new, interesting, and easy to understand. When children play and cooperate with others they learn what is strategic in their society and advance cognitively in their understanding of the world. The sociocultural theory suggests that development is a reciprocal transaction between the people in a childs environment and the child. According to Vygotsky, people and settings influence a child and in return influences the people and settings. He also suggested that children with and without disabilities be taught togeth er, he thought isolation would hinder social Development. As a constructivist, Vygotsky believed that learning is affected by the context in which an idea is taught as well as by students beliefs and attitudes. Vygotsky felt that learning happens before development can occur and that children learn because of history and symbolism.Lev Vygotsky is considered a seminal thinker in psychology, and much of his work is compose being discovered and explored today. While he was like Skinner, Pavlov, Freud and Piaget, his work never attained their level of acknowledgement during his lifetime. Part of this was because his work was often criticized by the communist Party in Russia, and so his writings were largely inaccessible to the Western world, his early death at age 38 also contributed. Vygotsky was one of the commencement people to recognize and acknowledge the importance of culture and as today becomes more multicultural the sociocultural theory is helping us understand the influence s on development. In conclusion, cognitive development plays a key role in learning and thinking methods of children. Vygotsky offers some incredible insight into the possible ways children learn and by using these theories it is possible to create a more conducive learning environment for each child. I believe that principles such as scaffolding, co-constructed knowledge, dialogue, and cultural tools are all important components of a students knowledge acquisition. By helping students within their zone of proximal development, we offer them useful learning strategies which they internalize and practice later.Works CitedBrowne, Gordon. Beginnings and Beyond. Thomson Delmar Learning , n.d.-. Beginnings and Beyond. Thompson, n.d.Davison, Brandi. Piaget Vs. Vygotsky. Ac Associated Content 08 December 2006.Feldmen, Robert. Child Development 5th edition. Prentice Hall, n.d.Gredler, Margaret E. Education Encyclopedia Lev Vygotsky. 10 23 2009. .K. Geonnotti, D. Passalacqua. The Educationa l Theory of Lev Vygotsky an analysis. 2007. .

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein :: essays research papers

The Hobbit Book ReportThe Hobbit was written by J. R. R. Tolkien and secured as a copyright in 1937. The story is almost a short, peaceful creature named Bilbo Baggins who, like most hobbits, is about half as tall as a human, but not nearly as loud. Bilbo resides in his comfortable hole where he leads a very easy-going life. He does, however have a side to himself that wants to go out and explore the macrocosm and be adventurous. One day a wizard, named Gandalf, comes to Bilbos house and disc everyplaces that he could use an adventure to make a difference in his life. Bilbo declines Gandalfs invitation, but gets dragged into an expedition when Gandalf hires Bilbo as a Burglar to join a group of dwarves. These dwarves, led by Thorin, are going to head to the Lonely Mountain to get treasure stolen from their family by a fierce dragon, named Smaug. Throughout the quest, the party is faced with trouble from trolls, goblins, spiders, and numerous evil creatures. Bilbo is useful to t he group because he can arise around very quietly, and explore things without getting caught. This ability to sneak around is ever increased when he stumbles across a magic ring that makes him invisible. use the ring, Bilbo comes across a way to kill the dragon and reclaim the treasure. He spreads word of Smaugs weak spot and the dragon is killed, but not forward an entire town is destroyed. When the treasure is reclaimed, there is much controversy over who gets to claim it. Thorin is, however, unwilling to share the treasure with anyone but the dwarves, and a war brews over it. The good creatures unite and defeat the evil creatures, but as a consequence Thorin is killed in battle. The treasure is then spread peacefully among the good creatures, including Bilbo, and he heads home. When he returns he finds that the other hobbits do no longer wish to interact with Bilbo because of his newfound adventurous ways. He doesnt mind though, because he has gained many friends out of his ex pedition, who stop by frequently. The Hobbit is a great story for people who like to leave their present reality, and simply enter a world of fantasy.This originals most important element was the main character, Bilbo Baggins. The entire story revolves around Bilbos actions, and follows him wherever he goes.